The effects of short‐term consumption of a Western diet on aerobic exercise performance in bank voles with inherently distinct metabolic rates

Because obesity and related diseases are partly attributed to unrestricted consumption of a high-fat, high-sugar Western diet (WD), several studies have examined its adverse effects on health and physical fitness. However, short-term WD supplementation has received little attention. We asked whether such supplementation can improve the aerobic exercise performance of animals with inherently distinct aerobic capacity. We used bank voles [Clethrionomys (= Myodes) glareolus] from lines selected for high swim-induced aerobic metabolism (A) and unselected control lines (C). In a crossover design, we measured endurance running distance, aerobic capacity ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo></mml:mover> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_2}{\mathrm{max}}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> ), peak speed (V_max) and respiratory exchange ratio in 98 animals fed standard rodent diet (14.5 kJ/g) or WD (20.5 kJ/g; 48% from carbohydrates, including 28% from added sucrose, and 39% from fat) for 2 days before the trials. The <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo></mml:mover> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_2}{\mathrm{max}}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> , V_max and endurance distance were higher in A lines than in C lines. In A lines, endurance distance increased with V_max but not with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo></mml:mover> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_2}{\mathrm{max}}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> , whereas in C lines it increased more with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo></mml:mover> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_2}{\mathrm{max}}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> than with V_max. The WD treatment resulted in increased body mass (p = 0.006) and did not affect <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics> <mml:msub><mml:mover><mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>̇</mml:mo></mml:mover> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mi>max</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_2}{\mathrm{max}}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> (p = 0.4), but tended to decrease V_max (p = 0.04), endurance distance (p = 0.099), mass loss during the trials (p = 0.008) and, in A lines only, the respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.02). These results show that the selection experiment provides a model of genetically distinct aerobic athletes and non-athletes, in whom exercise performance appears to be limited by different mechanisms. Regardless of the genetic background, short-term WD supplementation does not improve aerobic exercise performance and reduces the effectiveness of exercise as a method of weight loss.