Assessment of The Level of Protein S100B as a Potential Clinical Biomarker for Epilepsy and Correlation with HBA1C Level

Background Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder marked by a tendency for recurrent seizures and associated neurobiological, psychological, and social effects. Seizures are sudden, stereotyped episodes reflecting abnormal brain activity. Epilepsy can be primary (genetic causes affecting neurotransmission and ion channels) or secondary (due to brain injuries like trauma, stroke, infections, or tumors). The protein S100B, mainly produced by astrocytes, is elevated in the serum or CSF of epilepsy patients. HbA1c, a key marker for glucose control, is also relevant, as blood sugar fluctuations can trigger seizures. This study aimed to assess serum S100B and HbA1c levels in epilepsy patients and explore their correlation. Methods The study enrolled 90 subjects grouped as primary epileptic patients which have the disease due to genetic reasons, secondary epileptic patients which have the disease due to acquired reasons such as fall in blood sugar level and an age-gender matched control group (n=30). The serum samples were collected at the six-month interval and were analyzed for protein S100B using ELISA. Results The results showed a significantly decreased levels of HBA1C in patients with secondary epilepsy in comparison with control and primary epilepsy. Suggest that blood sugar levels should be taken into consideration when developing a treatment plan for a patient with epilepsy. Also, there were statistically significant differences in the level of protein S100B biomarker between the control group and patients with primary and secondary epilepsy as well as the comparation between patient groups primary and secondary are statistically significant with higher protein S100B level in the secondary group. S100B also shows a negative correlation with HBA1C levels which means that as S100B increases, the HBA1C levels decrease. Conclusion Serum protein S100B levels are a useful tool to assess and diagnose patients with epilepsy as well as blood HBA1C levels are useful in diagnosing and making treatment plan for epileptic patients