Refining population density estimation from track counts: improving daily travel distance estimates through trailing of large herbivores in the Kalahari, Botswana

Our research demonstrates the effectiveness of the forward trailing technique for accurately estimating <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover><mml:mtext>M</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover> </mml:math> of large herbivores in sandy substrates. It also provides coefficients to directly correct allometric <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover><mml:mtext>M</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover> </mml:math> for Kalahari species and delivers density estimates for multiple herbivores species across 2800 km² of protected areas. These new elements strengthen the use of track data for wildlife monitoring in low-density environments, although we encourage further research to assess the need of time-specific <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mover><mml:mtext>M</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>^</mml:mo></mml:mover> </mml:math> . We also highlight opportunities to integrate Indigenous knowledge with modern technology in research, fostering collaboration with local communities for mutual benefit.