Flat-plate photovoltaic thermal collector performance: evaluating the thermal efficiency and the effects of tilt angles and mass flow rate under Malaysian weather conditions

The integration of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems offers a sustainable solution for improving energy efficiency by simultaneously generating electricity and heat. This study introduces a novel approach to optimizing the performance of a flat-plate PVT collector under real-world Malaysian climatic conditions, focusing on the combined effects of tilt angles and mass flow rates (0.0028 kg/s and 0.0056 kg/s). Unlike previous studies, which often overlooked the simultaneous influence of these parameters, this research provides a comprehensive experimental analysis to identify optimal configurations for maximizing thermal efficiency. The findings reveal that a tilt angle of 10° achieves the highest thermal efficiency of 63% at a mass flow rate of 0.0028 kg/s, offering a clear strategy for performance enhancement. By addressing the critical interplay between tilt angle and flow rate, this study fills a significant knowledge gap and provides actionable insights for the practical implementation of PVT systems in tropical climates. These results not only advance the understanding of PVT system performance optimization but also highlight their potential to significantly contribute to sustainable energy solutions in regions with similar climatic conditions.