Clinical and microscopic evidence of biofilm formation on titanium miniplates applied in maxillofacial surgery: a case series analysis

Titanium miniplates, though biocompatible, often require removal due to infections (3-18%), primarily from Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilms, which resist antibiotics, drive persistent infections. We analyzed 10 infected miniplates via SEM, revealing dense polymicrobial biofilms, especially near screw holes. These structured microbial communities underscore the need for biofilm-targeted treatments to improve outcomes.