A Wearable Electrochemical Biosensor for Salivary Detection of Periodontal Inflammation Biomarkers: Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensor with Deep Learning Integration

The work presented here introduces a developed electrochemical biosensor for the salivary detection of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), utilizing a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) matrix based on poly(o-phenylenediamine). To enhance detection sensitivity and modulate impedance responses, graphene oxide (GO) is incorporated as an interlayer, providing a conductive and chemically stable matrix for precise electrochemical sensing. Density functional theory simulations confirm the formation of highly selective binding sites, further reinforcing the sensor's specificity for MMP-8 detection. The impedance-based mechanism allows real-time, label-free detection of salivary MMP-8 by tracking charge transfer resistance changes via the K[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻/⁴⁻ redox probe, offering a non-invasive and highly sensitive alternative to conventional methods. Clinical validation using patient samples demonstrates excellent sensor performance, achieving high specificity and reproducibility. Additionally, a deep learning-assisted data analysis framework is integrated to enhance diagnostic accuracy by filtering out noise, identifying disease progression trends. Furthermore, a wearable mouthguard platform integrating the MIP-based electrode, enabling continuous monitoring of oral inflammation and facilitating early therapeutic intervention is developed. This approach, which combines MIP technology, electrochemical biosensing, wearable healthcare, and AI-driven diagnostics, has the potential to establish a next-generation precision oral health monitoring platform, advancing periodontal disease detection and personalized clinical management.