Two new species of bush frogs (Anura: Rhacophoridae: Raorchestes) from Meghalaya, northeastern India

The genus Raorchestes Biju et al., 2010 represents one of the most diverse lineages within the family Rhacophoridae, with its members characterized by small size, absence of vomerine teeth, direct development, and distinctive digital discs with circum-marginal grooves. Despite its location in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, the amphibian diversity of Meghalaya remains underexplored. In this study, we describe two new species, Raorchestes jakoid sp. nov. and Raorchestes jadoh sp. nov., from the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, based on an integrative approach combining morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular data (16S rRNA). Additionally, we provide new records and supplementary descriptions for three species: R. kempiae, R. garo, and R. asakgrensis, thereby improving our understanding of their intraspecific variation and distribution. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the placement of the new species within the Raorchestes parvulus species complex. The new species are distinguished by a suite of morphological traits, unique call structures, and genetic divergence from congeners. Notably, both new species were discovered in secondary habitats near human settlements, suggesting ecological tolerance yet raising concerns about their long-term survival amid rapid habitat loss. The elevational distribution of the species studied ranges from 235 m to 1,655 m, with a concentration between 1,000–1,600 m, highlighting patterns of elevational partitioning and habitat specialization. Our findings add to the growing evidence of high cryptic diversity in the region and underscore the urgent need for targeted herpetofaunal surveys and conservation actions in Northeast India.