Protection of the Rights of Extramarital Children in Civil Relations between Children and Biological Fathers According to the Indonesian Legal System

Children born out of wedlock often face legal obstacles in obtaining recognition and protection of their rights, especially in civil relations with their biological fathers. The Indonesian legal system, especially after the Constitutional Court decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010, has opened up space for children born out of wedlock to have their civil relations with their biological fathers recognized, as long as it can be proven scientifically and technologically, such as through DNA testing. However, the implementation of this recognition still faces challenges, both in terms of applicable legal norms and the practice of judicial institutions. This study aims to analyze the extent to which legal protection of the rights of children born out of wedlock can be enforced in their civil relations with their biological fathers, as well as to examine the effectiveness of applicable norms in realizing justice and legal certainty for children in this position.