Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions

Stress affects osmotic pressure, and seedlings need to accumulate osmoregulatory substances to maintain cell osmotic balance. Compared to a single stress factor, the combined stress of freeze-thaw, cadmium chloride, and S. rostratum extract further enhanced the physiological damage to plants. This compound stress leads to electrolyte leakage, intensified membrane lipid peroxidation, inhibition of protein synthesis, increased osmotic pressure, and disruption of cell osmotic balance. Combined stress further promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the seedlings, leading to oxidative damage and inhibiting photosynthesis.