Individual perception effects of low-carbon travel based on efficacy–expectancy confirmation theory

This study investigates the effects of low-carbon-dioxide (‘low-carbon’) travel modes on individuals’ subjective perceptions. An efficacy–expectancy confirmation theory framework integrating ‘low-carbon’ travel efficacy is proposed and realised in the typical case. First, pre-travel expectations, real-time experience perceptions, socio-demographic profiles and trip characteristics were captured through a web-based survey. Then, structural equation modelling is employed to delineate causal relationships among key variables. Finally, the congruence between travellers’ efficacy beliefs and experiential perceptions is revealed through a multi-group analysis. The results indicate: (a) walking and cycling demonstrate the highest satisfaction and pleasure, while public transportation has the lowest; (b) outcome expectations exert a significant influence on travel evaluation, which positively predicts memory retention of travel experiences; (c) low-carbon travel perception is consistent with gender, income and educational attainment; (d) the consistency between efficacy and experience perception is weaker while travelling freely, whereas shorter low-carbon travel times correspond better to travellers’ expectations. These insights can contribute to promoting sustainable transport.