In Silico Study of the Potential of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi) for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by prolonged elevated blood sugar levels due to impaired insulin secretion or function.Metformin is the first-line therapy for type 2 DM, but it has side effects such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, gastrointestinal disturbances, and hypoglycemia, which some patients may not tolerate.Averrhoa bilimbi has potential as an alternative therapy for type 2 DM.This study aims to identify secondary metabolites from bilimbi that have potential as antidiabetic agents by activating AMPK and PPAR- protein receptors through in silico studies.The study employed molecular docking methods between AMPK and PPAR- protein receptors with bilimbi test compounds and comparators.Test compounds were selected based on compliance with Lipinski's rule, pharmacokinetic predictions, and toxicity.Metformin and rosiglitazone were used as comparators.Screening results identified three bilimbi secondary metabolites: Anapheline, Elaeokanine C, and Tetradecylamine.Docking results showed binding energy values between AMPK protein receptor and Anapheline, Elaeokanine C, Tetradecylamine, and comparators were -8.28, -5.77, -7.04, and -6.12 kcal/mol, respectively.For the PPAR- receptor, the binding energy values were -7.28, -5.97, -5.54, and -9.42 kcal/mol, respectively.Anapheline and Tetradecylamine demonstrated potential as antidiabetic agents with 75% and 25% amino acid residue similarity to the comparator compounds.