Comprehensive review of Moringa oleifera Lam.: Phytochemistry, pharma-cokinetics, and therapeutic applications

Moringa oleifera Lam., a fast-growing and drought-tolerant tree native to South Asia, has attracted considerable attention for its therapeutic potential.This review outlines its phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological properties.Over 110 bioactive compounds have been identified in different plant parts, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, and vitamins.Pharmacokinetic studies indicate rapid absorption and significant systemic exposure of key constituents such as vicenin-2, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isoquercetin, and niazirin following oral intake.Preclinical data show neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's models, where aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts improve memory and reduce oxidative stress.The plant also shows potential in respiratory disorders, demonstrating antiasthmatic and anti-inflammatory effects in animals.M. oleifera exhibits anticancer activity by promoting apoptosis through reactive oxygen species generation.Its anti-inflammatory action involves suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-B signaling.Cardioprotective and hepatoprotective benefits have been observed, with extracts improving hemodynamics, reducing myocardial injury, and mitigating liver damage.Additionally, it exerts antidiabetic effects by preserving -cells and enhancing glucose metabolism.Clinical studies further support its use, particularly for bronchial asthma.In conclusion, M. oleifera is a promising medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological actions, warranting further research to clarify its mechanisms and develop standardised clinical formulations.