FPGA Implementation of a Chopper Controller in PV Systems for IoT Applications

ABSTRACT This work presents the design and simulation of an Field‐Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based digital controller for a micro‐power photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting system tailored to Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed system features a DC‐DC boost converter with an H‐bridge topology, designed to interface effectively with low‐power PV sources and deliver regulated output to IoT loads. A constant voltage maximum power point tracking (CV‐MPPT) algorithm is implemented to maintain optimal energy extraction under variable irradiance. The controller dynamically adjusts the chopping frequency, duty cycle, and output voltage. Leveraging the parallelism and reconfigurability of FPGAs, a high‐speed digital control architecture is developed and synthesised on a Cyclone IV FPGA platform. Compared to conventional microcontroller or DSP‐based solutions, this approach offers significantly improved response time, power efficiency, and scalability. The final implementation achieves a chip area of 0.92 mm 2 , a control loop delay of 106 ms, and an overall efficiency of 92.36%, demonstrating its advantages over existing designs in terms of compactness, performance, and energy efficiency.