The Impact of the Low-Carbon Transition in the New Energy Vehicle Industry on the Ecological Environment and Economic Structure

Against the backdrop of intensifying global climate change and environmental pollution, the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry has emerged as a pivotal pathway for low-carbon economic transition. This paper investigates the industry’s impacts on ecological environments and economic structures. Research indicates that NEVs (e.g., electric vehicles, EVs) achieve a 55.81% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions over their full life cycle while curbing fossil energy consumption. However, challenges persist, including higher carbon emissions during production phases (notably battery manufacturing), insufficient charging infrastructure, and underdeveloped battery recycling systems, which constrain industrial advancement. Economically, NEVs drive the global automotive industry’s shift toward electrification and intelligence, spurring growth across battery, electric motor, and charging infrastructure sectors, and generating substantial employment opportunities. Nonetheless, they may also trigger international trade disputes. Case studies reveal that Tesla and BYD have exerted significant influence on regional economies and industrial chain configurations through differentiated technological pathways and market strategies. Future progress requires optimized charging infrastructure planning, breakthroughs in battery technology bottlenecks, and enhanced policy coordination to ensure sustainable industrial development.