Graphitization of diamond: manifestations, mechanisms, influencing factors and functional applications

The specific hybridization states of carbon atoms shape diamond and graphite, two well-known allotropes. Under specific conditions, diamond undergoes graphitization, resulting in distinct microstructural and macroscopic property changes. The graphitization of diamond has emerged as a core technology in many application-driven fields. This paper comprehensively reviewed studies on diamond graphitization across various domains to address urgent demands in these industries and the forthcoming semiconductor revolution. Beginning with the definition of diamond graphitization, the article explored its manifestations, thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms, and influencing factors. The research on diamond graphitization was divided into three stages, focusing on fields such as heating/heat treatment, diamond tools/coatings, irradiation/ion implantation, dissolution/chemical etching, polishing, and simulation/emulation. The key distinctions between graphitization, amorphization, and oxidation were clarified, and the effects of temperature, pressure, atmosphere, and processing parameters on graphitization were summarized. The article introduced the functional application technology from the perspective of utilizing or suppressing diamond graphitization, followed by prospects for future developments in the field of diamond graphitization research.