Comparative analysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in photocatalysis and electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction

With the acceleration of global industrialization, the sharp increase in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions has emerged as a pivotal factor exacerbating the greenhouse effect and global warming, necessitating urgent measures for emission reduction and resource utilization. Consequently, this area has become a focal point of international research efforts. Among the promising materials under investigation, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) stand out due to their unique structural attributes, which confer remarkable potential in photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. These frameworks offer high surface area, tunable porosity, and versatile chemical functionalities, making them ideal candidates for CO 2 capture and conversion. This paper delves into the recent research progress in MOFs for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction, offering comparative analyses of reaction mechanisms, product distributions, and differences in catalytic processes. Furthermore, it explores the factors influencing catalyst stability, aiming to elucidate strategies for enhancing the efficiency and durability of MOF-based systems, thereby not only providing innovative pathways for the sustainable conversion and utilization of CO 2 but also advancing the cause of green chemistry.