Comprehensive Research on Graphene Applications: From Property Exploration to Cross-Domain Technological Innovation

Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon material with exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, has garnered significant attention across multiple industries. Its high electron mobility, strength, and thermal conductivity offer advantages over traditional materials like silicon, enabling advancements in electronics, energy storage, biomedicine, and environmental sustainability. For instance, graphene-based transistors improve device speed, while its use in supercapacitors enhances energy density. In biomedicine, its biocompatibility supports drug delivery systems, and in environmental applications, it aids in water purification and pollutant removal. This study systematically investigates graphene’s structural characteristics, electronic behaviour, and practical applications. It analyses how graphene addresses critical limitations in existing technologies, such as the slow charging of lithium-ion batteries and the inefficiency of silicon- based semiconductors. Key focus areas include its integration in flexible displays, wearable sensors, and electromagnetic shielding materials. However, challenges like high production costs, scalability issues, and structural instability remain barriers to widespread adoption. The research reveals graphene’s potential to revolutionize next-generation electronics, sustainable energy systems, and healthcare technologies. Optimizing synthesis methods and promoting cross-sector collaboration are identified as crucial steps to bridge the gap between lab-scale innovation and commercial viability. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, engineers, and researchers to prioritize graphene development in high- impact domains, ultimately driving technological and industrial progress globally.