Nanotechnology and cell death: Revolutionizing disease treatment with nanoparticle strategies

Abstract The application of nanotechnology in medicine has expanded significantly in recent years, with nanoparticles (NPs) emerging as promising drug carriers for disease treatment. This review highlights recent advances in NP‐based therapies, focusing on their role in modulating cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis, as well as their applications in therapeutic strategies beyond cell death, such as tissue metabolism, immunomodulation, and vascular regulation. The unique physicochemical properties and surface modifications of NPs enable improved drug targeting, stability, and efficacy while minimizing side effects. This article particularly focuses on the interactions among cell death pathways, emphasizing the importance of viewing cell death as an integrated process for developing more effective treatment strategies. Furthermore, nanotechnology holds great potential in auxiliary diagnosis, regenerative medicine, and intelligent medical devices. Despite the current challenges in its application, such as potential cytotoxicity at the cellular level and the impact of individual differences, ongoing interdisciplinary research and collaboration are expected to advance nanomedicine, paving the way for innovative solutions in treating complex diseases.