Immobilization of Trace Metal Elements from Lead Ore Processing Tailings in Ceramic Tiles : Case of the Zeïda Mine (High Moulouya, Morocco)

Abstract Mine tailings, which result from mining activities, generate hazardous wastes containing metal trace elements (MTEs). These metals contribute to environmental pollution and pose serious risks to both environmental and human health. In light of this issue, this study investigates the feasibility of immobilizing metal trace elements (MTEs) within lead ore processing tailings (LOPT) from the abandoned Zeï da Mine (High Moulouya, Morocco) as secondary raw materials for ceramic tile production. The chemical composition of the LOPT and clay were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and the mineralogical phases were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particle size distribution of LOPT was characterized, and the physical and mechanical properties of the produced ceramic tiles were assessed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructure of the ceramic matrix. Additionally, the leaching behavior of MTEs was evaluated according to the EN 12457-2 standard to assess the environmental safety of sintered products. The results revealed that the incorporation of LOPT into the ceramic mixture produced tiles with excellent physical and mechanical properties. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of new crystalline phases, such as AlAsO4, CuAl2O4, ZnAl2O4, ZnFe₂O4 and BaFe2O4, which effectively immobilized MTEs, including As, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ba. These findings suggest that LOPT can be successfully valorized in ceramic tiles, reducing environmental pollution from mining waste while promoting sustainable industrial practices. This strategy provides a practical solution for MTEs immobilization and supports the circular economic principles. This study demonstrates a viable pathway for waste valorization, environmental protection, and sustainable ceramic tile manufacturing.