Comprehensive Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Basic Research to Clinical Application

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global metabolic disease with complex pathophysiological mechanisms, characterized mainly by insulin resistance and pancreatic -cell dysfunction. Recent studies have focused on revealing the role of insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Despite the large number of studies, the comprehensive management of T2DM remains challenging, especially in terms of individualized treatment and prevention of complications. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM and their application in clinical management, analyzing them from epidemiological and pathophysiological perspectives, exploring the molecular and genetic mechanisms of their operation, and evaluating the effectiveness of current therapeutic approaches. It was found that improving insulin sensitivity and regulating lipid metabolism are key strategies for the management of T2DM.The comprehensive management of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be based on the important theoretical basis provided by this study, pointing out the limitations of current treatments, and future research should focus on the development of novel drugs and the integrated application of lifestyle interventions to better control disease progression and reduce complications.