Comparative Genomic Analysis of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Insights into Its Genetic Diversity, Metabolic Function, and Antibiotic Resistance

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> is widely utilized in the fermentation industry and offers potential health benefits. However, large-scale comparative genomic analyses aimed at exploring its metabolic functions and conducting safety assessments are still lacking. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 324 <i>L. plantarum</i> strains sourced from various origins and geographical locations. <b>Results</b>: The results revealed that <i>L. plantarum</i> possesses a total of 2403 core genes, of which 12.3% have an unknown function. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a mixed distribution from various origins, suggesting complex transmission pathways. The metabolic analysis demonstrated that <i>L. plantarum</i> strains can produce several beneficial metabolites, including lysine, acetate, and riboflavin. Furthermore, <i>L. plantarum</i> is highly capable of degrading various carbohydrates and proteins, increasing its adaptability. Further, we profiled the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the genomes of <i>L. plantarum</i>. We identified a widely distributed AMP and its variants, presenting in a total of 280 genomes. In our biosafety assessment of <i>L. plantarum</i>, we identified several antibiotic resistance genes, such as <i>Tet(M)</i>, <i>ANT(6)-Ia</i>, and <i>mdeA</i>, which may have potential for horizontal gene transfer within the <i>Lactobacillaceae</i> family. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study provides genomic insights into the genetic diversity, metabolic functions, antimicrobial properties, and biosafety of <i>L. plantarum</i>, underscoring its potential applications in biotechnology and environmental adaptation.