Ukrainian-Polish Relations Through the Prism of Scientific Schools of International Relations

The purpose of this article is to explore the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches of leading academic schools in the field of international relations to gain a deeper understanding of Ukrainian-Polish relations in the context of the European Union's enlargement policy. Special emphasis is placed on the relevance of realist and liberal theories in analyzing the dynamics of this bilateral interaction. The main objectives of the study include a systematic analysis of key theoretical concepts used to examine Ukrainian-Polish cooperation within the framework of European integration, identification of the role of the EU as a driver of stability, democratization, and the diffusion of European values in Ukraine, and assessment of the instruments through which Poland and the European Union support democratic transformations in Ukraine, particularly within the framework of the “Eastern Dimension” initiative. The study applies methods of theoretical analysis, comparative research, interpretation, and systems thinking to investigate the evolution and current state of Ukrainian-Polish relations against the backdrop of EU enlargement. An integrative approach is also employed to synthesize various international relations theories for a more comprehensive understanding of the issue. Particular attention is paid to the realist school, which emphasizes national interest and state security, as well as to neorealism, which frames the international system as a structural constraint or enabler of state behavior. Liberal theories, such as liberal intergovernmentalism and the theory of democratic peace, are also considered essential tools for interpreting the process of European integration. Within these theoretical frameworks, the article explores how Poland and Ukraine interact with international organizations, especially the EU, and investigates the mechanisms that shape their bilateral relations in the context of integration. The analysis also covers key aspects of EU enlargement, highlighting its dual function: first, as a mechanism for promoting stability through reforms in neighboring states; second, as a means of projecting European norms and values onto new geopolitical areas. Scholars increasingly emphasize the EU’s role as a normative power that influences partner countries through a strategy of conditionality, often referred to as the “carrot and stick” approach. The article provides a detailed characterization of the “Eastern Dimension” initiative, originally advanced by Poland, and examines its strategic significance for fostering democratic change in Eastern Europe. Finally, the research focuses on the EU's democracy promotion instruments – such as political dialogue, financial assistance, and international support – as key tools for ensuring stability and advancing development in countries striving for closer integration with the European community.