Sedimentary organic matters within the subtropical mountainous river-estuary-bay continuum: Provenances, fates and implications

Deep insight into the spatialtemporal composition and distribution dynamics of suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) and sedimentary total organic carbon (TOC) within the mountainous river-estuary-bay continuum provides us with a unique perspective for examining the impact of estuarine flow on the material cycle within the river-estuary-bay systems. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the river-estuary-bay continuum of two subtropical mountainous rivers, the Jiulong River (JLR) and the Zhangjiang River (ZJR), southern China. Seasonal samples of suspended particles and surface sediments were collected from the lower river reaches, estuaries, and bay areas. Both suspended and sedimentary samples were analyzed for organic content and their isotopic signatures (δ 13 C), and C/N ratios. The results reveal notable differences between the two systems. The JLR system exhibits stronger seasonal and spatial variations in POC sources compared to the ZJR system. In contrast, the estuary and bay of the ZJR system show more pronounced marine POC signals than those of the JLR system. In the sediments of the estuary and bay, soil organic matter and C 3 plants contribute to over 60% of the total organic matter in the JLR system, whereas in the ZJR system, marine organic matter and soil are the two most significant contributors. This study identifies that estuarine hydraulic conditions control the provenance, dynamics, and fate of particulate organic matter (POM). River discharge plays a pivotal role in regulating the dispersion of terrestrial organic matter in the estuary; Estuarine circulation and the position of the turbidity maximum zone govern the temporal and spatial distribution of sedimentary organic matter. Moreover, high soil contribution to the estuarine and bay sediment organic matter suggests strong soil erosion of adjacent land, likely attributed to human activities. Our findings highlight the high sensitivity of POC composition and dynamics in these mountainous river-estuary-bay systems to changes in river discharge, tidal current, and maybe wave conditions. The results of this study will deepen our understanding of the dynamics and fate of POM from different sources within the mountainous river-estuary-bay continuum and provide vital information for the effective management of these highly dynamic and sensitive ecosystems. • POM in mountainous river estuary/bay mainly from freshwater and marine algae. • Fluvial discharge controls the spatiotemporal distribution of freshwater POM. • Estuarine circulation regulates the mixing of estuarine POM and its deposition. • Soil organic matter contributes more to sedimentary organic matter than POM. • Land reclamation increases soil organic matter in sedimentary organic matter.