Determinants of Variations in Drought Vulnerability among Cattle Keeping Households in Migori County

Cattle keeping plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and fulfilling socio-cultural functions in both developed and developing regions. However, most cattle in these regions are often raised under extensive production systems, making them highly vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions. Among the most pressing challenges facing cattle production in sub-tropical regions is drought, which leads to severe water scarcity and depletion of grazing resources, resulting in reduced cattle productivity, increased susceptibility to diseases and, in extreme cases, high mortality rates. This study examined variations in drought vulnerability among cattle-keeping households in Migori County. In semi-arid areas of Migori County, cattle keeping plays vital economic and socio-cultural roles but is increasingly affected by drought-related challenges such as water scarcity, pasture depletion, and livestock diseases. The study was conducted in Nyatike and Kuria West Sub-Counties of Migori County, selected for their diverse agro-ecological zones affecting livestock farming. Data were collected through structured household questionnaires, key informant interviews, and direct observation, with a stratified sample of 383 households proportionately drawn from four wards. The study found that decreased pasture (χ² = 249.335, p = 0.000), reduced milk yield (χ² = 211.607, p = 0.000), and water-related stressors such as declining water points (χ² = 188.864, p = 0.000) and increased distance to water (χ² = 97.545, p = 0.000) were the most significant factors influencing drought severity among cattle-keeping households. Emaciation of livestock and increased incidences of cattle diseases also showed significant associations, though perceptions varied. Low cattle prices were significant but unevenly experienced. These findings underscore the importance of ecological factors over economic ones in shaping household drought vulnerability. Households with limited income sources and heavy dependence on cattle were more susceptible to drought effects, while those engaging in diverse livelihood activities showed greater resilience. Environmental stressors and inadequate access to resources further exacerbated vulnerability. The study underscores the importance of integrated interventions such as water infrastructure development, improved veterinary services, and livelihood diversification to enhance household resilience