Perception of Users Adoption on Using Multi Lane Free Flow Systems in Reduce Vehicle Queues at Toll Gates

Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) systems address vehicle queues at toll gates, reduce traffic congestion, and environmental impact. However, challenges such as infrastructure readiness and user acceptance hinder the adoption of this system. This study investigates the factors influencing MLFF adoption among Jakarta toll road users with a quantitative approach, using purposive sampling of 246 active toll road users. The study utilized the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with five main variables: Perceived Ease of Use (EU), Perceived Usefulness (UF), Attitude Toward Use (AU), Behavioral Intention to Use (IU), and Perception of Actual System Use (SU). The structural model tested with SmartPLS shows significant relationships between variables, where EU positively influences AU and UF (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">${\beta}=\mathbf{0.171}$</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">${0.693}$</tex>), while UF has a strong effect on AU (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">${\beta}=\mathbf{0.702}$</tex>). AU impacts IU (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">${\beta}=\mathbf{0.724}$</tex>), which in turn affects <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{SU}(\beta=0.787)$</tex>. The results show that perceived ease of use and cost-effectiveness strongly influence behavioral intentions. Although most users rated MLFF positively due to its efficiency and environmental benefits, there are still concerns regarding technical reliability. This study recommends infrastructure improvements, public awareness campaigns, and collaboration among stakeholders for the successful implementation of MLFF in Indonesia.