Microplastic contamination of commercial dried fish in Southern Philippines; prevalence, characteristics, and risk potential

The Philippines, an archipelagic country reliant on marine resources, is highly vulnerable to microplastic (MP) contamination. This study investigated MPs in commercial dried <i>dilis</i>, commonly known as anchovies (<i>Spratelloides gracilis</i>), from markets in southern Philippine cities, including Iligan, Pagadian, and Cagayan de Oro, to determine the potential daily MP exposure through the consumption of these dried anchovies. A total of 2,304 individual <i>dilis</i> were analysed, with 37 MPs identified, predominantly blue-colored (57%) and fiber-shaped particles (54%). Polystyrene (PS) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), each accounting for 22%, were the dominant polymer types. MP concentrations were highest in Pagadian (0.171 MPs g^-1), followed by Cagayan de Oro (0.113 MPs g^-1) and Iligan (0.088 MPs g^-1). The mean estimated annual intake (EAI) of MPs from dried fish in these cities is 355 items per person. Risk assessment using the polymer hazard index classified Iligan at hazard level III, while Pagadian and Cagayan de Oro at hazard level V. These findings underscore the health risks associated with consuming MP-contaminated dried fish in the Philippines and emphasise the need for further research and regulatory measures.