Predictive value of vaginal lactic acid bacteria changes on occurrence of HR-HPV-infected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and construction and validation of nomogram model

Changes in vaginal lactobacilli (e.g., reduced L. acidophilus, L. jenseni, L. gasseri, and L. rhamnosus) are significantly associated with CIN risk, potentially reflecting dysbiosis-driven vulnerability to HR-HPV persistence The Nomogram model demonstrated high accuracy in internal validation, suggesting its potential utility as a clinician-friendly tool for individualized risk assessment. However, external validation in prospective cohorts is required before clinical implementation.