Association between low-carbohydrate diet and chronic kidney disease in population with gestational diabetes mellitus history: based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database

Among women with GDM, higher LCD scores showed a significant positive correlation with CKD risk, particularly in sub-groups with smoking or alcohol consumption habits. The study suggests the need for careful evaluation of the long-term renal safety of LCD and highlights the importance of developing individualised dietary plans for high-risk populations.