Human resources in the era of the fourth industrial revolution: Competencies 4.0

Manufacturing companies are undergoing significant transformations in their shift to Industry 4.0. This study investigates the key competencies required by workers during this transition, as well as the evolving roles and challenges faced by employees. A systematic literature review (SLR) identified 35 critical skills, which informed a survey with top and middle managers to evaluate the perceived importance of these skills across various roles and hierarchical levels. The findings reveal a shift in skill requirements, with soft skills gaining prominence over hard skills, especially for management roles. Middle managers, in particular, are highlighted as needing to balance a diverse skill set to effectively navigate Industry 4.0. This research addresses a gap in the literature by offering insights into skill prioritisation and workforce evolution, emphasising the importance of comprehensive upskilling strategies to ensure a successful digital transformation.