Military Phraseology in the Communicative Dimension: Typology and Functioning of Speech Formulas

The subject of the research is speech formulas of military origin as a specific class of idiomatic expressions characterized by fixed illocutionary force and direct correlation with the communicative situation. Unlike traditional phraseological units, which are predominantly classified by structural-semantic parameters, the speech formulas under consideration exhibit discursive dependence and demonstrate limitations on the realization of grammatical categories. The article provides a detailed analysis of six functional types of speech formulas: speech formulas-comments, speech formulas-performatives, speech formulas-stabilizers of emotional state, speech formulas of question, speech formulas of answer, and speech formulas of epistemic modality. These types of speech formulas are examined comparatively using data from the Russian and English languages, applying quantitative methods of analysis and verification through corpus research. The research methodology includes a continuous sampling method, semantic, etymological, discursive, and contextual analysis. To verify the selected units, a corpus analysis was conducted using the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the British National Corpus, and the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Speech formulas of military origin represent a discursively dependent class of idiomatic expressions with fixed illocutionary force, requiring a specific methodological apparatus for adequate linguistic description and analysis. The proposed functional typology, which includes six types of speech formulas, demonstrates the diversity of mechanisms of discursive dependence and the specificity of communicative functions that go beyond the traditional nominative function of phraseologisms. The quantitative distribution of speech formulas by functional types reveals a statistically significant similarity in Russian and English, indicating universal mechanisms of pragmatic adaptation of military vocabulary and phraseology when transitioning to everyday discourse. The poly-stylistic differentiation and precedent nature of the examined units allow them to be viewed as linguistic and cultural markers representing the ethnic linguistic worldview and military conceptual sphere in the collective linguistic consciousness.