Role of Bilateral Memoranda of Understanding in the Hungarian Water Diplomacy

This paper explores the role of bilateral Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) in Hungary's water diplomacy, focusing on the creation of over 50 agreements signed in large numbers between 2013 and 2024. These MoU’s primarily aim to foster professional cooperation between Hungarian institutions, such as the General Directorate of Water Management, and their counterparts in various countries, in general those without shared water resources with Hungary. This is an original research, which delves into the historical context and motivations behind these agreements, highlighting their significance in promoting export and political relations rather than addressing the fragmentation of Hungary's water governance system, but touching upon that matter. While MoUs provide a flexible framework for cooperation without the binding obligations of formal treaties, they also present limitations, such as a lack of enforcement mechanisms and clear ownership, which can hinder effective implementation. The thesis suggests that for complex projects requiring clear obligations, formal treaties may be more appropriate. Future research directions include a detailed analysis of economic relations, educational and scientific collaborations, and a comparative study of similar programs in Europe. Overall, this work contributes to understanding Hungary's international water governance and diplomacy, emphasizing the need for better coordination among institutions involved in water management and clear definition of intended purpose when assigning resources.