Experimental Analysis of Neck Biomechanics Under Dynamic Vehicle Conditions Using a Load Cell-Based Measurement Framework

Neck injuries remain a critical concern in vehicle safety, particularly during dynamic movements and terrain-induced impacts.Traditional test dummies and wearable devices often fail to capture real-time biomechanical neck responses under such conditions.This study introduces a smart mannequin system designed to measure axial forces and cervical moments in realistic vehicle environments.The system integrates S-type load cells and HX711 amplifiers with a Raspberry Pi 4 for real-time processing, enhanced by Kalman filtering for signal clarity.Calibration was conducted using reference weights from 5 N to 40 N in 5 N increments, with each step validated against a force gauge.The mannequin was tested across various terrains, including straight tracks, inclines, sinusoidal roads, and uneven surfaces, representing realistic military and civilian vehicle conditions.Results showed minimal calibration deviation (2-4 N), with peak force measurements reaching 30.63 N and moment readings up to 1.25 Nm.Higher speeds reduced axial loading on stable tracks, while irregular terrain increased neck strain.The system consistently captured neck loading dynamics, offering a safe, repeatable alternative to human-based testing.Its practical application spans ergonomic vehicle design, occupant safety analysis, and fatigue detection in transport environments.