Refining the Dual-Slope Path Loss Model with a Distance-Adaptive Exponent and Multi-Breakpoint Calibration

Wireless propagation is a crucial technology in modern advancements, requiring highly accurate prediction.Path loss propagation is influenced by various parameters that must be accounted for to predict the signal route over the entire distance and refine breakpoint models with precise interference calculations.The breakpoint distance is defined as the point separating two distinct trends of path loss, each following a different path loss exponent.This paper reviews the Fresnel, Perera, and True breakpoints in a dual-slope model reference at 2 GHz, using a fixed exponent of n = 2 before the breakpoint and n = 4 after.It then proposes a distance-adaptive exponent model that considers a steady path by incorporating a flexible exponent based on environmental factors, mitigating the abrupt change in path loss exponent at breakpoints observed in the dual-slope model, which leads to discontinuities.The comparison results under similar conditions demonstrate that both models perform similarly over short distances of up to 100 meters, while the dual-slope model is more suitable for distances of up to 1 km.However, due to its stability and consistency, the distance-adaptive exponent model is more appropriate for longer distances.Validation using RMSE, followed by comparative analysis, confirms that our model offers higher stability in interference scenarios.These findings will assist researchers and wireless designers in predicting and selecting the most accurate and effective propagation model.