Therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 against fipronil-induced oxidative damage, hematological disorders, EPO, RAS abnormalities, and renal impairments in male rats

Fipronil is a highly effective insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical group. It has been widely used to control crop pests and veterinary pests with toxic effects on non-target organisms. Vit. D3 has been involved in numerous biological activities within the body. This study explored the potential ameliorative effects of Vitamin. D3 against fipronil's detrimental effects on hematological, EPO, RAS, and kidney function in male rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups and orally treated daily for 28 days with Vitamin. D3 (500 IU/kg), Fipronil (10 mg/ kg), or a combination of both as mentioned doses previously. The findings demonstrated that administering Fipronil resulted in a noticeable reduction in various hematological parameters, erythropoietin, albumin, total protein, and globulin levels, along with diminished renal antioxidant activity. Also, rats treated with Fipronil exhibited increased levels of kidney malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and kidney function. Notably, Fipronil induced severe histopathological alterations in the kidney tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a robust positive expression of Caspase-3 in Fipronil-treated rats. Conversely, supplementation of Vitamin. D3 to Fipronil-treated rats alleviated all the aforementioned effects induced by Fipronil. This study suggests that Vit. D3 has therapeutic effectiveness against Fipronil-induced oxidative damage, hematological disorders, EPO irregularities, RAS disruptions, and renal impairments due to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.