Comprehensive Review of Hydrogeological Assessments and Modeling Approaches for Groundwater Flow Dynamics and Sustainable Management

This review synthesizes recent advances in hydrogeological assessment and groundwater flow modeling, emphasizing their role in sustainable water resource management. Drawing from studies published between 1992 and 2024, this analysis emphasized the progression from analytical models to numerical and hybrid approaches, including tools that are enhanced by geospatial data and artificial intelligence. Methods for recharge estimation, aquifer characterization, and model calibration are evaluated, along with the application of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The review also explores how modeling practices intersect with governance, particularly through integrated water resource frameworks and stakeholder participation. Persistent challenges include limited data availability, underutilized stakeholder engagement, and difficulties in translating model outputs into policy decisions. Recommendations for future research focus on improving model accessibility, integrating socio-environmental variables, and developing adaptive platforms that can support decision-making under uncertainty. By consolidating key developments, limitations, and opportunities, this review provides a critical reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working to improve the application and impact of groundwater modeling.