From crop pest to plate: the potential of giant long-horn beetle larvae (Tithoes confinis) as a sustainable food and nutrition resource in Eastern Tanzania.

Food insecurity remains a persistent challenge in rural Tanzania, particularly in Morogoro Rural District, where seasonal food shortages and limited access to affordable, nutritious food threaten household well-being. This study explored the contribution of edible giant longhorn beetle larvae (Tithoes confinis) to household nutrition and food security in selected villages across the district. Data were collected through household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions conducted in three purposively selected villages: Mazizi, Maseyu, and Mgodini. A total of 385 households participated in the study, representing a cross-section of food security statuses and insect consumption practices. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to determine the relationship between food security levels and insect consumption, while qualitative data provided insights into advantages of consumption. The results showed that food insecurity was prevalent, with a notable percentage of households categorized as moderately or severely food insecure. Households experiencing higher levels of food insecurity were more likely to consume T. confinis larvae as coping strategy during food shortage. The larvae were recognized for their high nutritional value, ease of accessibility, and cultural acceptance among the Luguru people. However, consumption was declining due to changing dietary norms, negative perceptions, and lack of policy support. The study concludes that integrating edible insects like T. confinis into local diets and nutrition programme could enhance dietary diversity and resilience among rural populations. Policy support and public education on insect-based value chains are recommended to reposition this food source as part of sustainable nutrition strategies.