Analysis of ecotourism sustainability at Aksu-Zhabagly nature reserve in the Western Tien Shan mountains

Introduction. To assess the sustainability of tourism in Kazakhstan’s protected areas, this study focuses on the Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve in the Western Tien Shan mountains and explores how neighboring communities engage in ecotourism and benefit from its development. It is shown that previous international research mainly concentrates on ecological, social, and economic aspects of tourism sustainability, often overlooking the relevance and empowerment of local communities. Given the lack of similar studies in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, this research provides a novel and context-specific perspective. Methods. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. A total of 145 residents from Zhabagly and Abaiyl settlements were surveyed using a structured questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale. In parallel, interviews were conducted with a tourism researcher and a reserve administrator to assess the extent of local community empowerment in tourism planning and participation. Results. The findings revealed a weak connection between the communities and ecotourism, with only 10.2% of Zhabagly and 3.6% of Abaiyl residents involved in tourism activities. Despite recognizing tourism as a promising industry, local involvement remains low due to geographic distance, limited access to tourism infrastructure, and insufficient inclusion in decision-making processes. Conclusions. It is proposed that enhancing the sustainability of ecotourism requires increasing local participation through empowerment, education, and institutional support. A strategic shift toward inclusive planning can elevate community engagement and distribute ecotourism benefits more equitably, thereby fostering long-term socio-economic and environmental resilience.