Electric vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery under the partial recharging and nonlinear discharging strategy

Electric vehicles' usage in distribution motivates the research of the electric vehicle routing problem. This paper considers the piecewise linear recharging and nonlinear discharging strategy for electric vehicles with the time windows and pickup and delivery service, and allows partial recharge (EVPTNL-PR), whose objective is to minimise the total cost. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming model and is solved by the improved adaptive large neighbourhood search algorithm that applies several new removal and insertion operations and adaptive mechanisms. In addition, extensive computational experiments are carried out to assess the importance of the realistic factors studied in the model. The results demonstrate that the realities in the problem of electric vehicles distribution make path planning more accurate and the improved algorithm performs well in finding high-quality solutions.