Analysis of Impact of Province-Level Smokefree Policies on Smoking Status and Indoor Second-Hand Smoke Exposure in Indonesia Between 2013 and 2018 via a Difference-in-Differences Approach

Indonesia has one of the highest prevalences of smoking among males globally, resulting in a significant attributable disease burden and economic costs. To our knowledge no previous study has attempted to assess impact of province-level smokefree policies in Indonesia. Our analysis found modest impacts of province smokefree policies, and greater effectiveness of those with medium-to-high strength of regulation, while also suggesting occurrence of positive spillover effects to geographically contiguous non-implementing provinces. It also highlights continuing gaps in dimensions of smokefree policies including monitoring, enforcement and compliance.