EVOLUTION OF STATE REGULATION OF INNOVATION IN THE USA

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of state regulation of innovation activities in the United States from the early 19th century to the present. The key historical stages of the development of state innovation policy are examined, starting with the adoption of the first Patent Act in 1790 and the establishment of the U.S. Patent Office in 1836, which laid the foundation for the national system of support for inventors. Special attention is given to the role of the state in stimulating scientific research and technological development during World War II and the Cold War, leading to the creation of the National Science Foundation (NSF), NASA, and legislative initiatives that facilitated the commercialization of state-funded innovations. The article explores mechanisms for financing innovation activities by the state, including grant programs (SBIR, STTR), tax incentives for companies engaged in research and development, and the role of public-private partnerships in forming innovation clusters. The impact of the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act on facilitating technology transfer from universities to the commercial sector and the influence of the 1996 Telecommunications Act on the development of the digital economy are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the modern stage of U.S. innovation policy, characterized by active support for strategic sectors such as artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, biotechnology, and semiconductor manufacturing. The consequences of the 2022 CHIPS and Science Act, aimed at strengthening domestic chip production and reducing dependence on foreign suppliers, are examined. The key challenges faced by the state in the field of innovation regulation are identified, including competition from China and the EU, cybersecurity issues, and the need to update antitrust legislation to control Big Tech activities. Based on the analysis, recommendations are proposed for adapting the American experience of state support for innovation activities in other countries, including Ukraine. The importance of building an effective national innovation ecosystem, developing public-private partnerships, implementing tax incentives for technology companies, and expanding international cooperation in scientific research is emphasized.