Putrescine is synergistically involved in Osmolyte Production, secondary Metabolites that boost Antioxidative Defense, and increase Lupinus Plants' Resistance to Drought

Drought stress (DS) represents a considerable risk to global agricultural yield, requiring novel strategies to alleviate its detrimental effects on agriculture. This research examines the impact of putrescine (PUT) on the resilience of lupinus plants under drought circumstances by enhancing antioxidative defense mechanisms, increasing secondary metabolite synthesis, and facilitating osmolyte accumulation. Under DS, Lupinus plants showed reduced growth and elevated oxidative stress indicators, Lipid peroxidation (LP) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The PUT significantly enhanced plant development, demonstrated by improved photosynthesis and biomass of roots and shoots, with reduced oxidative stress. This improvement was ascribed to increased antioxidative enzymes, like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX), which jointly decreased ROS levels and averted oxidative damage. Moreover, PUT markedly increased the synthesis of osmolytes and secondary metabolites, allowing lupinus plants to maintain cellular turgor and osmotic equilibrium under drought conditions, hence enhancing stress tolerance. In summary, our results provide significant insights into sustainable methods for improving crop resistance to drought, with potential agricultural applications to mitigate the detrimental impacts of climate change on crops.