An Analysis of the Fourfold Determination of Alienated Labor in “<i>Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of</i> 1844”

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》是马克思早期时候关于资本主义社会解析的核心文本。在这本书里面马克思通过批判性吸收黑格尔、费尔巴哈和赫斯的核心观点，创造性地提出“异化劳动四重规定”理论架构，为历史唯物主义理论体系打下了重要基础。本文首先梳理马克思异化劳动理论的思想来源，继而具体分析四重异化表现：第一层是劳动者与劳动产品异化，劳动者自己生产的反过来变成压迫自己的力量；第二层是劳动过程的异化，工作变成被迫的生存手段；第三层是人与类本质的异化，人类特有的创造性活动退化为动物式生存；第四层是人与人之间的关系异化，催生出资产阶级与无产阶级的根本对立。通过这四个递进层次的剖析，最终揭示出资本主义制度如何通过生产关系系统性地剥夺人的自由本质。The “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844” is a core text by Marx in his early period analyzing capitalist society. In this work, Marx critically assimilates the central viewpoints of Hegel, Feuerbach, and Hess, and creatively proposes the theoretical framework of the “Fourfold Characterization of Alienated Labor,” laying a crucial foundation for the historical materialist theoretical system. This paper first traces the intellectual origins of Marx’s theory of alienated labor, then proceeds to analyze the four manifestations of alienation in detail: The first level is the alienation of the worker from the product of labor, where what the worker produces becomes a force that oppresses them; the second level is the alienation within the labor process, where work is reduced to a coerced means of survival; the third level is the alienation of humans from their species-essence, as the uniquely human creative activity degenerates into animalistic existence; the fourth level is the alienation of human relations, giving rise to the fundamental antagonism between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Through this progressive four-tiered analysis, the paper ultimately reveals how the capitalist system systematically deprives humans of their essential freedom through the relations of production.