Garcinol: An emerging epigenetic modifier with versatile anticancer properties

Garcinol, a phenolic compound found in the fruit rind of the Garcinia plant has gained significant attention for its diverse bioactivities viz. antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Notably, garcinol has demonstrated huge potential as an anti-cancer agent; inhibiting tumor growth, progression, and metastasis in various cancers, such as lung, liver, pancreas, prostate, breast, colon, and brain cancers. Unlike conventional therapies that often cause toxicity and resistance, garcinol offers a safer alternative with broad-spectrum activity and minimal adverse effects. Its anti-tumorigenic properties are linked to apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Recent advancements in nano-delivery systems have improved its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, overcoming challenges related to its solubility and stability. These developments position garcinol as a potential chemotherapeutic adjuvant, complementing traditional cancer treatments and improving patient outcomes. This review explores garcinol’s therapeutic versatility and its promising future in cancer treatment.