The Interaction between Social Support and IoT Competence with Innovative Behavior among TVET Instructors in Melaka

This study investigates the association between social support, Internet of Things (IoT) competencies, and innovative behavior among TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) instructors in Melaka. It also examines the significance of IoT competence as a mediating factor in this relationship. A total of 100 instructors from six randomly selected TVET institutions in Melaka participated in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising four sections: demographics, social support (15 items), IoT competence (12 items, after removing 3 based on a pilot study), and innovative behavior (19 items). Respondents completed the questionnaire online using a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 29.0, involving both descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between social support, IoT competence, and innovative behavior. Mediation analysis further confirmed that IoT competence mediates the relationship between social support and innovative behavior. These findings underscore the role of both social support and IoT skills in fostering innovation among TVET instructors. The results can guide stakeholders in enhancing support systems and technology training, thereby strengthening industry-relevant TVET education aligned with Industry 4.0 demands.