Antioxidant-Loaded Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Tools for Oxidative Stress in Obesity and Diabetes

Obesity and diabetes mellitus are chronic metabolic disorders characterized by systemic oxidative stress, contributing to cellular dysfunction, inflammation, and disease progression. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses leads to significant damage in pancreatic β-cells, insulin signaling pathways, and adipose tissue. Conventional antioxidant therapies are often limited by poor bioavailability, instability, and lack of targeted delivery. Nanotechnology offers a promising platform for the development of antioxidant-loaded nanoparticles (NPs), providing improved solubility, enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, and site-specific targeting. This review critically examines the recent advancements in the design, synthesis, and application of antioxidant-loaded nanoparticles, such as polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers, metal oxide nanoparticles, and dendrimers, in mitigating oxidative stress associated with obesity and diabetes. We also explore their mechanisms of action, therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models, and translational potential. Finally, we highlight current challenges and future perspectives in optimizing nanocarrier systems for clinical use in metabolic disease management. Keywords: Antioxidants, Nanoparticles, Oxidative Stress, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Nanoformulations, Reactive Oxygen Species, Drug Delivery