Anterior alveolar bone and tooth inclination in different skeletal patterns: a cone-beam computed tomography study

The ABI and TI were smallest in skeletal Class II division 2 patients in maxilla and decreased gradually in skeletal Class II, I, III patients in mandible (P < 0.01). In terms of vertical skeletal patterns, the ABI in maxilla and the ABI and TI (related to the mandibular plane) in mandible decreased in hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent patients (P < 0.01). The angulation between ABI and TI in maxilla was smaller in hyperdivergent patients and largest in skeletal Class II division 2 patients (P < 0.05). Correlation analyses revealed that the ABI had correlations with TI, ANB, SN-MP, FHI, gonial angle, Y-axis angle, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The anterior ABI and TI, as well as the angulation between them, show significant variations across different skeletal patterns. ABI also exhibits correlations with several skeletal parameters. These variations should be considered in orthodontic treatment planning to reduce the risk of iatrogenic complications.