Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood and Perinatal Abuse

These results highlight the long-lasting consequences of adversities encountered in early life, which can shape the smoking behaviors of women even during the critical stages of their own pregnancy. There is a need for tobacco control interventions among the most vulnerable that extend beyond the traditional services and address deeply rooted factors from past experiences.