Fish Processing Waste and Its Impacts on Indian Aquatic Ecosystems: Challenges, Case Insights and Sustainable Management Strategies

India’s rapid growth as a leading fish producer and exporter has made its fisheries sector vital for economic development and rural livelihoods. However, the sector generates over 3 million metric tonnes of fish processing waste annually, much of which is discharged untreated into aquatic ecosystems. This review synthesizes evidence from key coastal hubs, identifying major regulatory and management gaps that allow persistent pollution and pose risks to both public health and aquatic biodiversity. Case studies from regions such as Veraval and Cochin reveal that inadequate waste treatment infrastructure and weak enforcement exacerbate these impacts, particularly in small- and medium-scale processing units. The review highlights the urgent need for integrated policy frameworks and technological innovation to improve waste management. Sustainable solutions including waste valorisation, advanced treatment technologies, and community engagement are discussed as pathways to transform fish processing waste from an environmental burden into a resource, supporting a circular economy and the long-term sustainability of India’s blue economy.