Optimizing Water Distribution Efficiency Through Sustainable District Meter Area (DMA) Planning in Doloksanggul, Indonesia

Water loss in urban distribution systems is a persistent challenge, especially in developing regions where infrastructure and management systems are often inadequate. This study investigates the piped water distribution performance in Kecamatan Doloksanggul, Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan, Indonesia, where non-revenue water (NRW) levels reach 32%, far exceeding the national tolerance threshold of 20%. The central aim of this research is to assess the feasibility and impact of implementing phased District Meter Areas (DMAs) as a sustainable strategy to optimize water distribution efficiency. Using spatial and temporal analysis—including GIS-based demand mapping, hydraulic zoning, and population projection modeling from 2024 to 2044—we identified key service gaps, infrastructure inefficiencies, and future supply-demand imbalances. Findings reveal that, without intervention, the region will shift from water surplus to deficit by 2039. Estimated annual water losses currently total approximately 494,000 m³. A phased DMA rollout, expanding from 12 zones in 2024 to 20 zones by 2044, demonstrates potential to reduce NRW by up to 25%, stabilize pressure zones, and enhance leakage detection capacity. This study differs from existing literature by focusing on small urban centers and incorporating institutional readiness and spatial equity into DMA planning. The results offer strategic insights for municipalities and utilities in similar demographic contexts across Southeast Asia, emphasizing the need for integrated land-water planning, inter-agency coordination, and proactive investment to achieve sustainable urban water services.