Fermentation Process and Bioreactor Design: Concepts, Types and Operational Factors

This comprehensive review addresses the biological processes used in fermentation, with a focus on the design of various bioreactors such as continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) and both aerobic and anaerobic reactors. The review explores the history of fermentation, production stages, different types of bioreactors, and their operational characteristics. It highlights the industrial, medical, and environmental applications of these processes, analyzing factors affecting production efficiency, such as oxygen transfer, temperature control, and pH regulation. As the new developments are incorporated into the enhancement of the productions of antibiotics, enzymes, and other pharmaceutical products, the study reinforces the role of biotechnology in the advancement of the pharmaceutical and food industries.